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A seismic wave is the transfer of energy through elastic earth materials by way of particle oscillation/vibration. A seismic ray, or “wave front normal”, is an arrow drawn perpendicular to the seismic wave front to indicate the propagation direction at that Point on the wave front. It is a convenient tool to help understand wave propagation through layered media; it is not something that exists in a physical sense.

The dipole cables are a high failure item as they are subjected to considerable wear and tear. Here are some steps that you can take to prolong the life of the system: Never lift the transmitter or receiver by the pulling on the Dipole cables. While setting up the system, it is extremely important to remember that the transmitter and receiver can easily slip out of the white neoprene covers if you are not paying attention. This will cause them to hit the ground and break the yellow connector, or at the very least jam foreign debris into the connector. A good habit to get into is to carry the units with the nose (cone shape) Pointed down, that way they cannot slip out of the neoprene cover. Do not put undue stress by pulling on the system at angles greater than 45 degrees at any given Point in the array. Always make broad turns or pick up the array to start a new line. Make sure that the transmitter and receiver are always facing the direction of travel. (The cone Pointing towards the console/operator) This will eliminate the possibility of turning the array into a "plow" and placing excessive strains on the connectors, not to mention communication problems. By following these instructions you will find that the instrument's connectors will be able to withstand the strain incurred during normal usage. Of course there may be circumstances that make this difficult, but it is good to be aware of these issues.

List of approved fluids is as follows: n-Decane Shell Sol-71 (Shell oil product) Isopar-G (Exxon oil Co.) Odorless mineral sprits (Naptha) Mineral Spirits (Naptha) Charcoal Lighter Fluid Kerosene lamp oil Kerosene Mineral Oil (medicinal Grade) Diesel Fuel (may degrade diaphragm on marine systems) Camp Stove fuel White Gas Unleaded gas The preferred fluids are items 1-7 above. Items 3 & 4 are not the same as paint thinner. Paint thinner will damage the sensor coils, as will Acetone, and should not be used. Items 11 - 13 have a very low flash Point and should be used with extra caution, although any petroleum product must be handled carefully. There are several Alcohols which will produce an acceptable signal, but will tend to absorb water. This will degrade the performance of the sensor over time. These should be replaced as soon as possible with an alternate fluid from the above list. Usable alcohols: Ethanol (Grain Alcohol) at least 190 proof Methanol (wood alcohol) Denatured Alcohol (ethanol made poisonous) All of these fluids must be as clean as possible to ensure that no water or contaminates (rust) are in them. Use a filter to make sure the fluids do not contain rust from the storage container.

The 3 Meter accuracy of the GPS in the MagArrow I is 50% Circular Error Probable (50% CEP). That means that if accumulating location data at a fixed Point for a long period of time 50 percent of the readings will be within a circle with a 3 meter radius of the actual location, and 50% will be outside that circle. It also requires the GPS antenna have a clear view of the sky with no multipath interference. A good measure of GPS accuracy is to look at the HDOP number. It should be less than 1. Altitude values as a rule of thumb will be half as accurate due to the geometry of satellites. It will be much less accurate if the satellites towards the horizon are blocked, which is often the case. In other words the best accuracy for altitude requires a wide view of the sky. MagArrow II has much improved GPS specs: 50% CEP 1.5m; less than 1m with SBAS.

You will need to test the magnetometer on the dry deck or in your shop. Connect the G882 directly to the junction box and use the black power supply Geometrics provided. Verify operation. If working go to step 4. If the magnetometer is not working, then there is a hardware failure. There is nothing that can be done in the field at this Point. Arrange to send it in by requesting an RMA number from our RMA page. If the magnetometer is working then "dies" it would be useful to have the data from the "diagnostic survey". Review this document: Diagnostic Surveys for CM221 Counter Equipped Magnetometers r-2. Connect on board power supply (if different than the supply already checked) Verify operation. If it fails record Diagnostic Survey. If working proceed. Connect Deck cable (if applicable). Verify operation. If it fails record Diagnostic Survey. If working proceed. Connect Tow Cable. Verify operation. If it fails record Diagnostic Survey. If working proceed. Deploy magnetometer under normal configuration. Begin a Diagnostic Survey. If the mag doesn't work under tow then there is a problem with the tow cable/interconnections. Please take these steps and record the data when a failure occurs. (Best to record data all the time and then when it fails send the data to our Support Team, you can contact them through the support contact form. Make sure you are specific as to the conditions/configuration if/when it failed.)

Geometrics seismographs are designed to trigger on a contact closure, contact open, or signal input. The trigger circuit has protect from high voltages, but it is possible to damage the input circuit if voltages outside the specified range are connected directly to the input circuit. It is recommended that input signals, or voltages do not exceed + 10 volts. A typical voltage measurement using a hand held volt meter on pins A (+) and B (-) of the 3 pin trigger input connector will be 4.9 volts DC. Voltages less than 4.0 volts may indicate a problem with the trigger circuitry. Often times the unit will continue to operate and trigger, but should be serviced at the next opportunity. If the circuit has been damaged, typical problems will include false triggers, or failure to trigger. To verify the trigger function of the Seismograph, begin by removing the external connector from the trigger input, and short pins "A" and "B" together on the trigger input connector of the seismograph. The unit should trigger each time the pins touched as long as the interval between triggers is greater than the record time or the trigger hold off whichever is longer. It should not trigger unless these pins are touched. If consistent triggering is achieved using this method, then attach the hammer switch directly to the seismograph. Do not put the hammer switch on a hammer yet. Tap the hammer switch cylinder on the edge of a table or other hard object and verify consistent triggering. Watch the stack count on the screen to confirm each tap of the hammer switch results in a trigger of seismograph. Check the trigger hold off setting and trigger sensitivity settings. Set the trigger hold off to 0.5 sec. and the trigger sensitivity to 50. If the seismograph is triggering correctly, insert any trigger extension cables between the hammer switch and the seismograph. Repeat the test to confirm consistent triggering. Then attach the hammer switch to the hammer, or other device used for triggering. Make sure the cylinder of the hammer switch is firmly taped to the handle, and the direction of motion is across the diameter of the cylinder. You can also attach a geophone or other signal producing devise at this Point and verify proper triggering. If the unit does not properly trigger, contact support with the results of the tests above for assistance.