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Dead-Zones The MagArrow is a dual sensor magnetometer powered by MFAM sensors, but it is configured for use so it only has a single data output. The reason Geometrics has done this is so we could ensure the MagArrow encounters no "dead-zones". A dead-zone occurs when the orientation of a magnetometer results in the magnetometer producing poor or no measurements. The dead-zone angle depends on the location of survey. Since we have the two MagArrow MFAM sensors in orthogonal orientations, the MagArrow Magnetometer has operability worldwide without affecting survey orientation, making it much easier to use for the customer. Heading Errors Heading errors are a type of noise magnetometers can experience. They come from three sources: Sensor Console Operator Magnetic materials in the sensor itself are the primary cause of heading errors. The physics of Cesium and Potassium magnetometers can contribute small amounts to the total heading error. Magnetic contamination near the sensors, operating electronics, or operator can all contribute to heading error. Heading errors look like herringbone patterns in survey images. Alternate lines can also be corrugated. Dead-Zones vs Heading Errors while these two sources of error in magnetic data are different, there is overlap between them when operating a magnetometer like the MagArrow. Heading errors can be fixed relatively easily in software, where dead zones can be much harder to manage. If a line is completely ruined because of a dead zone then they will need to re-fly the line/mission which is time consuming. Even with advanced users, these sorts of mishaps can happen. Additionally, the closer a mag sensor operates to a dead-zone, the larger a heading error will be measured. With compensation software and a pre-survey heading error flight, heading error can be reduced dramatically to around 1 nT for the MagArrow. Click to view the difference between Raw and Processed MagArrow Data The MagArrow is only outputting a single value as a means to create a “no-dead-zone” System. Obviously each sensor has a dead zone themselves, but with the sensors orientated orthogonally at least one sensor at all times will have a magnetic measurement. By combining the measurements from both sensors it is possible to generate a constant magnetic field measurement independent of orientation and location in the world. If the data from each MFAM sensor in the MagArrow was individually reported there would be gaps in the mag fields observed by either sensor as you fly, rotate, and swing.

Geodes do have an option to have a factory installed oscillator board at extra cost that is used to test the electronics in the Geode. These are not normally installed for most of our users. Users do have the option to run geophone tests using the standard equipped Geode Seismograph that can run line continuity and geophone tests. This can be accessed from the System->tests->Run Geophone/Line tests. Oscillator boards are typically installed during purchase. Fewer than 5% of the customers purchase that option, that level of QC is typically not necessary. For more information please read the test box manual. We no longer supply the Test Box to external customers. A description of how to run the tests if you use the test box or if you use the internal oscillators is described in Section 2.11.3.1 RUN INSTRUMENT TESTS (OPTIONAL ADD-ON FEATURE) of the manual. The latest standard Geode Operations Manual has more information. You can run the tests outlined in the Geode Operations Manual to detect the bad geophones and spread cables. If you require a calibration certificate for your Geode please consult our Support Note. All Geophysical surveys require interpretation given limited understanding of the site, data from equipment, and ground truthing. Any interpretation provided is the best that can be provided according to the geophysical expertise and experience of the geophysicist.

Further Elaboration: You might ask this question to try and understand the low frequency response to determine if the Geode amplifiers effectively have a flat response from DC up. Does the Geode go down to DC for example? Answer: We apply anti-alias filters to the data to prevent out of band noise from being introduced into the data. The filters are set with a corner frequency at ¾ of the Nyquist frequency (1/2 the sampling frequency) for almost all of the sampling frequencies. When we sample at 1.5625 uS, the Nyquist frequency is 32kHz and the filters are set at 20 kHz, because of limitations of our electronics. There are two single-pole filters: one analog and one digital. The analog filter is a simple RC filter with 1uF +/-5% and 100kOhm +/- 1%. We short out the capacitor in the conversion process. The digital filter is software controlled when the option is registered, so it can be switched in or out in the field. It is an IIR Butterworth with a -3dB corner at 0.9Hz for 48ksps sampling, and 0.6Hz at all the lower sample rates. Also, we offer software and hardware options to modify the low end frequency response of the Geode. Low-end bandwidth modification: 1.5 Hz, P/N 28311-37 0.6 Hz, P/N 28147-01 DC, P/Ns 28147-02, 28311-37per System plus

The System is designed to collect GPS data along with the resistivity measurement during the survey. It requires a standard NMEA output from the GPS. The software uses the $GGA string. If the OhmMapper G-858 console is used a serial output from the external GPS is required. If it uses a Windows device an external GPS with any interface to the PC is acceptable. If the data logger is an Android device the internal cell phone or tablet GPS can be used.

1. When the transmitter is turned on, the red power light (or green light in later versions) comes on and stays on. The blue light will go into a rapid flashing pattern then settles into a three-flash sequence, for example short-long-short or short-long-long, or something like that. Is that what the transmitter is doing? If not, there are three possible causes of the problem and this will require require swapping parts: Defective dipole cable or shorting plugs are two potential problems. The best test is to plug the shorting plugs directly into both ends of the Transmitter and turn on. If this works, then add one dipole cable and turn on again. Then add the second cable and power up. If failure occurs with just the shorting plugs then the most likely problem is a battery with a shorted internal cell. This will look like it is fully charged when you measure it with a volt meter, but will not be able to supply the current required to drive the transmitter. Swap out batteries to test. If swapping the batteries does not resolve the issue and you never get the blue light to start flashing you may have a bad Tx and it would need to be returned to Geometrics. 2. When the receiver is turned on the red power light will come on, then the blue light will flash rapidly, then the blue light will turn off waiting for the receiver to phase lock onto the Tx. Once it locks onto the transmitter the blue light will start flashing at once per measurement. Depending on how conductive the ground is and how far apart the Tx/Rx separation is you may have to wait up to a minute to get the lock. Try it with about a 5 meter separation between the end of the dipoles, i.e. the equivalent to having a 5-meter rope between them. The Rx should lock and start flashing within about 20 seconds. If it never locks on even though the Tx's blue light is flashing then there may be something wrong with the receiver and it would need to be sent back. Remember that the transmitter blue light has to be flashing first. If the Tx is not working the Rx will never detect it and start flashing. 3. With the Rx turned on, even if the blue light is not flashing, when you look at the OhmMapper Test screen on the console do you see the message: Setting Gain, Phase A, Phase B or something similar being updated on the screen every second (or twice per second with the old Systems)? If so your console is communicating with the receiver. If not, you have no communication between the Rx and the console so you could have a bad dipole cable, bad optical wand, bad console cable, or a bad receiver. If you have spares of any of these items you can troubleshoot the problem. If you have no spares then you will need to send the System back here for evaluation by submitting an RMA request.

We get occasional calls asking how to use one of our seismographs as a vibration monitor. The method for this is described below, but it should be noted that while true amplitudes can be obtained, this method of measuring them would probably not stand up in court. True vibration monitors – seismographs designed specifically for this task – have a built-in geophone. The voltage output of the geophone per unit vibration is known to a very high degree of accuracy, and the System is calibrated by the manufacturer regularly (usually once a year). If you are measuring vibrations in a situation in which litigation might be involved, you should use a true vibration monitor. One of the more popular ones is the Blastmate by Instantel. Vibrations are generally quantified in units of particle velocity, the first derivative of displacement. Geophones are particle velocity sensors – output is directly proportional to particle velocity. If you know the response function (sensitivity) of your geophone – the voltage output per unit velocity input – you can convert voltage (as measured by the seismograph) to mechanical vibration in terms of particle velocity. The sensitivity of your geophone can be obtained by the geophone manufacturer, and will be expressed as a function of frequency. A typical graph of geophone sensitivity is shown below: It is best to used a geophone that has a natural frequency at or lower than the lowest frequency of interest. Seismic data files are stored in a SEG format. The first step is to convert the SEG output of the seismograph to an ASCII columnar format. If you are using an ES-3000 or Geode, your controller PC should have this icon for Tape Reader on the desktop: If not, download Tape Reader. Run the program and click on File>>Open: Read in the file you wish to convert to ASCII. Now, click on File>>Save Displayed Data to Ascii File: After making your format choices (be sure to convert to mV), press Export. The record will be written in an ASCII format that can then be imported to Excel. From here you can calculate the frequency spectra and particle velocities using the response function of the geophone.

Degaussing is a method by which magnetic domains in metals or magnetic inclusions in other materials are randomized so that net magnetization is minimized. One tool do accomplish this is the “Bulk Tape Eraser” designed to erase data tapes. The method works because the “Bulk Tape Eraser” generates an alternating electromagnetic field, which flips the magnetization of the magnetic domains in the material at 100 or 120 reversals per second (50 or 60 hertz). As the operator slowly removes the “Eraser” from the vicinity of the magnetized material, the magnetic domains of the material individually freeze in one orientation or the other, leaving the domains in a randomized orientation with minimal net magnetic effect. Degaussing with a Bulk Tape Eraser *The procedure is straight forward. Plug the Eraser into an extension cord or wall socket (the Eraser cord is usually short). Holding the object to be degaussed in one hand, depress the Eraser start button and move it towards the object. Once close to the object or section of material, begin moving the Eraser with a small circular motion and then increase the radius of the circle as you draw the Eraser away from the object. DO NOT STOP the Eraser closer than three feet from the object being degaussed or it will become strongly magnetized in one direction! If this happens accidentally, just redo the degaussing procedure over again starting from the beginning. *For larger objects, run the Eraser along tubing or struts in a circular motion to “bathe” the objects in an oscillating field. Be sure to cover the entire surface area of the object being degaussed. Then slowly withdraw the eraser (while still running) until it is at least 3 feet away. Then release the power switch. *The magnetometer can be used to check the sufficiency of the degaussing procedure. After degaussing, rotate the object close to an operating magnetometer to see if there is a response from the magnetometer. This is best done with a cesium magnetometer operated in gradient mode, but it can be done with a single sensor with one person watching the result and another moving the object near the sensor. Degaussing Sensor Mount Degaussing Pack Frame Degaussing GPS Antenna Limitations of Degaussing with a Bulk Eraser Depth of penetration: The Bulk Tape Eraser can only randomize materials to a certain depth. This is due to the size of the gap in the degaussing unit. A small gap makes for a very large degaussing field at the gap (about 2000 gauss, or 200 million nanoteslas), but also for a very rapid falloff away from the gap. Bulk tape erasers are optimized to penetrate through the thickness of a typical video tape. This gives a typical depth of an inch (2.5 cm). Deeper objects may need to be degaussed using stronger degaussing fields. Degaussing through a conductive chassis: An additional problem occurs when the object being degaussed is covered by a conductive surface (such as a sheet of aluminum). The degaussing field will generate huge eddy currents in the conductive surface which will generate its own opposing magnetic field. This will be evident to the operator because the opposing field will cause the degausser to buzz loudly. This doesn’t hurt anything, but be aware that the degaussing field on the other side of the conductive surface will be attenuated by some amount, so it may take a longer amount of time or multiple passes to degauss the object. The Bulk Tape Eraser is a short duty cycle device. It varies a little from manufacturer to manufacturer, but typically it is rated for 1 minute on and 5 to 10 minutes off. Most have an internal thermal cutout that will shut it off if it overheats, and if tripped may take 20 minutes or more to cool down enough to reset. Frequently Asked Questions Why is degaussing needed? Degaussing misaligns magnetic domains so that there is no net permanent magnetization that would give an offset or heading error to magnetic field readings. Sensitive magnetometers such as those manufactured by Geometrics can be effected by nearby materials that are not sufficiently magnetically randomized. Degaussing does not alter the induced magnetic moment of any material. A piece of steel, when degaussed, is still magnetic because it draws and concentrates the earth’s field through it. However, a degaussed piece of steel is much less magnetic than a permanently magnetized piece. How much effect does it have on magnetic signatures? Depending on the distance from the sensor to the magnetic object and the amount of magnetization, the effects can be very large -10’s of nanoTeslas. Many materials including brass, aluminum, fiberglass and other non-ferrous materials may have some ferrous materials in them naturally or acquired during the manufacturing process. Other materials such as ‘non-magnetic’ stainless steel are hugely magnetic when compared to the sensitivity of our magnetometers. Degaussing can decrease the magnetic effect of these materials by a factor of 10 or more. What should I degauss? The operator should degauss any metallic object that is near the sensor. By “near”, in general we mean within 1 meter but certainly those metallic and non-metallic materials within a few centimeters of the sensor must be considered (this also includes the sensor itself, which could have minute magnetic inclusions in the sensor materials). This could also include GPS antennas, magnetometer cart assemblies (including brass fittings, bolts, clamps), buckles, eyeglasses, boots and parts of backpacks. We would also do occasional degaussing of the G-858 console and batteries. Will degaussing hurt anything? This is a tough question since it is impossible to imagine every conceivable System arrangement that could be subjected to degaussing. In all our experience we have never had any electronics device hurt by the degaussing process. This is because the induced voltages from the degausser are low, and the electronics components have a fairly high impedance at low voltages. It would be safer to degauss electronics while the power to the electronics is turned off in case the small induced voltages cause the device to operate incorrectly. It is always safe to degauss any of Geometrics’ manufactured equipment (including the sensor). On the other hand, here are some things to consider when degaussing some types of objects. Large conductive planes or rings will have large circulating currents induced in them by the degausser (but the voltages are still very small). This induced current will produce an opposing magnetic field that will fight the degaussing field – causing both the degausser and the conductive plane/loop to vibrate substantially. If the device being degaussed is sensitive to this vibration (intricate mechanical workings and the like) then this is a possible route for causing some damage. Also, sometimes objects being degaussed have embedded magnets that are necessary for the device to operate properly. A good example is a device with a permanent magnet speaker inside. Generally it is hard to degauss a magnetically hard permanent magnet, but the degausser is strong enough to at least partially do the job. A partially degaussed speaker (or other object that requires a magnet to work right) isn’t going to work the same as before – so be aware. [Things that have magnets in them shouldn’t be used near magnetometers anyway.] When to degauss and how often? We recommend that parts close to the sensor be degaussed before every major survey event. In other words on a weekly or monthly basis or before a new survey. Remnant magnetism or “Perm” can be “picked up” (domains realigned) when the materials are static in the earth’s magnetic field for a period of time. The amount of time required to acquire a “Perm” can be from days to weeks or months depending on the magnetic “hardness” of the materials. This is also known as the materials “susceptibility”, that is, susceptibility to being magnetized. Also, magnets are everywhere, and they can easily and unknowingly ‘perm’ up parts on or near the sensor. Magnetic screwdrivers, for example, are great for holding steel screws on the end of the driver while starting them into a threaded hole, but they are bad news near any magnetometer sensors.

The subject of "Bandwidth" comes up often when discussing cesium magnetometers. There are two different aspects of bandwidth that are different and need to be differentiated: The cesium magnetometer uses an atomic resonance of the Cs 133 atom (see note 1 below) which varies proportional to the ambient magnetic field. This atomic resonance is used to set/control the frequency of an oscillator. Therefore the output signal from the magnetometer is a *frequency* which is proportional to the earth's magnetic field at a coefficient of 3.498572 Hertz per nT. Thus the output frequency (called the Larmor frequency) varies from roughly 70KHz at the equator to 350 KHz at the poles. Because the cesium magnetometer is an oscillator, and because phase is important in an oscillator, the "Bandwidth" of the electronics in the magnetometer must be at least 10 times higher than the maximum output frequency of 350 Khz, or roughly 3.5 MHz. This bandwidth should not be confused with the magnetic field measurement "Bandwidth", or how fast of a magnetic field change can be measured. To put a scaler value on any magnetic field reading the output frequency of the magnetometer must be counted, and then scaled appropriately to get a field reading in nanoTeslas. The counting process involves opening a gate period, counting the number of Larmor (frequency) cycles that occur, divide that number by the precise time interval of the gate period. then scale that value by dividing by the 3.498572 Hz / Larmor coefficient. You get one reading per gate period, which by default is five or ten hertz (200mS to 100 mS gate period). What you get for a reading during any gate period is the time interval average of the Larmor frequency over that period. The transfer function of a "time interval averaged" signal is [sine(x) / x] with the first zero falling at the sample frequency. Thus if the G-882 is sampling at 10 hertz the maximum resolvable magnetic field change is roughly 5 hertz. The sample interval of the G-882 is adjustable by sending commands to it. If the sample rate is set to 20 hertz the measurement bandwidth will double (from a 10 hertz sample rate) but the base line noise will go up as well. It should also be noted that the basic System noise level of the G-882 for a stationary sensor is set by the counter resolution - not by the signal to noise ratio of the oscillator electronics. If the sensor is tilted away from its optimum orientation the magnetometer signal will decrease (and therefore the signal to noise ratio), but the counted field output will not show any significant degradation until the sensor is approaching the dead zone (where the signal is really low).

It is a fairly simple task to connect a GPS to a G-858 magnetometer. You can use the External I/O cable assembly and a null modem to connect the G-858 to most GPS receivers. Null modems are available from Geometrics or from local Radio Shack or computer stores. The Null modem pin configuration for GPS receivers that have a data cable compatible with 9 pin IBM PC COM ports has male pins on both sides. The GPS should be set to output NMEA data that contains the $GPGGA sentence. Be sure to set the RS232 protocol to 9600 Baud, 8 Databits, 1 Stop Bit and No Parity. The G-858 must have its serial port set to the same baud rate as the GPS. You can use System Setup -> Com & Field Note String Setup -> Chat Mode to determine whether correct communications have been established.

Differences between LCS050G (Low-Noise) vs. LCS100S (SuperMag) modules Q. What is the difference between LCS050G (Low Noise) and LCS100S (SuperMag)? Is different firmware the only thing that separates the Low-Noise version from SuperMag version? Or are there mechanical differences in how the sensors are constructed? A.The firmware is different, but that is not the only difference. We also build our sensors in two different groups - A and B - to satisfy the different requirements for each version. Group A satisfies SuperMag specs, while group B meets the Low-Noise specs (please refer to the datasheet). Each SuperMag must have 2 Group A sensors. Q. The sensors in the SuperMag are physically mounted in a configuration to eliminate the dead zones. Could a customer mount their Low-Noise version of the sensors into the same 'no Dead Zone' configuration, then run a simple script to accept only good data so that if one sensor goes into a dead zone, the firmware will automatically switch to record the data from the second sensor? Obviously Geometrics performs some magic when combining the data in the firmware, but that doesn't necessarily preclude a customer from trying to make a "SuperMag" type System with their Low-Noise sensors, right? A. In principle, yes. Customers can write their own script to combine the readings from each sensor to achieve the dead-zone-free operation. However, smoothing out the combined reading when one sensor’s reading drops out is pretty tricky. In addition, the heading effect will be much worse (determined by the heading effect of individual sensors) if customers choose to combine individual magnetometer readings instead of using the SuperMag dead-zone-free mode. Q. Can I upgrade my Low-Noise sensors to the SuperMag version? Would I have to send my unit to Geometrics' Customer Support or could you simply provide the new firmware so that the instrument behaves like a SuperMag? A. Yes, it is possible to upgrade your firmware, but this process requires you to return the instrument to us. However, Geometrics will NOT guarantee the SuperMag specs in this case since LCS050G still has Group B sensors. The only way to guarantee SuperMag specs is to purchase the SuperMag sensors. Please contact us us for more information.

The subject of "Bandwidth" comes up often when discussing cesium magnetometers. There are two different aspects of bandwidth that are different and need to be differentiated: The cesium magnetometer uses an atomic resonance of the Cs 133 atom (see note 1 below) which varies proportional to the ambient magnetic field. This atomic resonance is used to set/control the frequency of an oscillator. Therefore the output signal from the magnetometer is a *frequency* which is proportional to the earth's magnetic field at a coefficient of 3.498572 Hertz per nT. Thus the output frequency (called the Larmor frequency) varies from roughly 70KHz at the equator to 350 KHz at the poles. Because the cesium magnetometer is an oscillator, and because phase is important in an oscillator, the "Bandwidth" of the electronics in the magnetometer must be at least 10 times higher than the maximum output frequency of 350 Khz, or roughly 3.5 MHz. This bandwidth should not be confused with the magnetic field measurement "Bandwidth", or how fast of a magnetic field change can be measured. To put a scaler value on any magnetic field reading the output frequency of the magnetometer must be counted, and then scaled appropriately to get a field reading in nanoTeslas. The counting process involves opening a gate period, counting the number of Larmor (frequency) cycles that occur, divide that number by the precise time interval of the gate period. then scale that value by dividing by the 3.498572 Hz / Larmor coefficient. You get one reading per gate period, which by default is five or ten hertz (200mS to 100 mS gate period). What you get for a reading during any gate period is the time interval average of the Larmor frequency over that period. The transfer function of a "time interval averaged" signal is [sine(x) / x] with the first zero falling at the sample frequency. Thus if the G-882 is sampling at 10 hertz the maximum resolvable magnetic field change is roughly 5 hertz. The sample interval of the G-882 is adjustable by sending commands to it. If the sample rate is set to 20 hertz the measurement bandwidth will double (from a 10 hertz sample rate) but the base line noise will go up as well. It should also be noted that the basic System noise level of the G-882 for a stationary sensor is set by the counter resolution - not by the signal to noise ratio of the oscillator electronics. If the sensor is tilted away from its optimum orientation the magnetometer signal will decrease (and therefore the signal to noise ratio), but the counted field output will not show any significant degradation until the sensor is approaching the dead zone (where the signal is really low).

A seismograph with an active trigger input like the Geode Seismograph or ES-3000 Seismograph can be triggered many different ways. The most commonly used methods are with a trigger switch or a trigger geophone. Typically a trigger switch (known as a hammer switch) is attached to the handle of a sledgehammer near the striking end, so when the sledgehammer is hit against a striker plate to create an active source of energy, the piezoelectric crystal in the hammer switch is activated and the seismograph is triggered to record data along the preset parameters. A trigger geophone does this too, but it is placed near the source itself, and is more commonly used with larger energy sources like a propelled energy generator. If the seismograph isn't triggering with either a hammer switch or a trigger geophone, then the signal may be weak, so turning up the sensitivity could be a workable solution. If the sensitivity is set too high in SCS then false triggers might be encountered. In most situations having the sensitivity set to the middle works best. Depending on where the trigger geophone is it, there may be a difference between when it is triggered and when a hammer switch would have triggered. Especially in soft ground the trigger geophone signal may be delayed. In general the hammer trigger is a more reliable timing device. The differences in trigger time when using a trigger geophone could be due to things like not striking the center of the plate or differences in the strength of the impact. More trigger circuit information: The seismograph can be triggered by shorting the two input pins A and B on the trigger connector of the seismograph. In fact, that is what the hammer switch does (contact closure device) when it impacts a striker plate. The inertia of the impact causes a momentary closure in the device, which in turn, triggers the Geode. There are no internal components that need to be added. Externally, you could construct trigger device or switch, if that is what you desire. If you were to measure the pins on the Trigger connector on your seismograph (pin A +, pin B -) you would see about 5VDC. The trigger circuit will sense a contact closure or a pulse. The Geode trigger input is capacitively coupled, with a 2mS time constant, to the midpoint of a resistive voltage divider. The voltage difference between the two ends of the divider constitute a voltage "window", which size is set by the trigger sensitivity parameter and can range from essentially zero at the highest sensitivity, to about +/- 2.5V at the lowest sensitivity. The Geode triggers (if enabled) if and when the coupled signal exceeds the window, in either direction. The signal, after the capacitor, is clamped by diodes to the range between the trigger signal ground and +5VDC. The trigger detector output is disabled when the System is disarmed, during a parameter change, and during a shot, up to the trigger hold-off time after the end of the shot. The trigger hold-off time is a parameter set by the user. Preceding the coupling capacitor (i.e., essentially the node accessible at pin A of the external connector), there is a 3.3K-Ohm pull-up resistor to +5VDC (relative to pin B). Also a fast transient suppressor clamps the input at about +/-14VDC. It is advised that the DC + AC level of any voltage applied to pin A relative to pin B be kept within the range of +/-7V, giving some margin of safety. If a DC voltage somewhat less than +5VDC is applied when the connector is first mated, the instrument may trigger at that moment. But, subsequently, because of the capacitive coupling, it will trigger on the next positive or negative going pulse that exceeds the window level. If the duration of the applied voltage pulse is less than the record length + delay time + hold-off time, then the Geode will effectively be ready to trigger on the same edge of another similar pulse.

Magnetometers may very rarely record a jump in GNSS-based (GPS, GLONASS, etc.) timestamps, of a few to several seconds, either forward or backward. This is more likely when the instrument is using GLONASS (GNGGA,GNRMC) positioning data than when receiving GPS (GPGGA,GPRMC) data, and when it occurs this behavior should only occur once; the System will not jump back and forth. This happens very rarely. Geometrics has verified only one instance of this behavior in Geometrics instruments, but our research shows that it is a known issue with the internals of some satellite navigation Systems, and it may have happened in additional cases. If you observe this behavior please let Geometrics know; the issue doesn't currently have a solution, but we are researching options to identify when it occurs. When this anomaly occurs, only the timestamp is incorrect; magnetometer and location data remain uninterrupted and correct.